Baby bones found scattered on the ground at a seventh century workshop have hinted at surprising callousness towards child deaths among Romans.
Two bones and skull fragment were found lying on the floor among the remains of pigs, goats and sheep. Another bone of a baby’s arm was swept against a wall with other debris on the grounds around a villa.
Skull fragments that from a baby and were found among the remains of animals and other detritus.
The bones could have belonged to four infants thought to have died shortly before or after birth.
The findings, suggests a US archaeologist, shows that the death of infants in parts of Roman society may have been treated with less ceremony and respect than was accorded adults.
Bone fragments from babies were found over several years during excavations at the settlement of Poggio Civitate, some 15 miles from the modern city of Siena in Italy. Anthony Tuck, an archaeologist at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, told the Archaeological Institute of America that it was likely the babies were discarded without ritual. 'We have the remains of one or several human infants, scattered over a relative small area that also preserves abundant evidence for bustling industrial and economic activity,' he said.
'In neither area do we see any suggestion whatsoever that any ritual treatment was accorded these remains. 'Instead, they were simply either left on the floor of the workshop or ended up in an area with a heavy concentration of other discarded remains of butchered animals.'
An artist's impression of how the Roman buildings would have looked.
While the Poggio Civitate settlement dates almost 2,800 years, the bones were found in a section that was occupied during the seventh century AD when there was a lavish home and an open-air 170-feet long pavilion that was used as a workshop.
Two of the baby bones were located in the workshop area where bronze was cast and terracotta tiles, ceramics and other materials were manufactured. He said the finds could indicated the parents, perhaps slaves or servants, who worked in the workshop were considered too lowly for their tragedy to be taken any notice by the wider community.
Dr Tuck said that if the child belonged to the wealthy family who lived in the villa it would further emphasise the lack of impact a young child’s death might have had among the Romans.
He added: 'These examples of neonatal infants at Poggio Civitate appear to have been treated in a manner that suggests the death of very young children did not provoke any formal ritual response whatsoever. 'Whether this is an effect of parental social status or a phenomenon common to all early deaths, we cannot yet say with any certainty.'
The workshop area where some of the human baby bones were discovered.
'Nevertheless, we hope that continued examination of the osteological assemblage from Poggio Civitate may help lend clarity to this and a number of related questions concerning social status at the site.
Death in infancy would have been common in the seventh century and few signs of infant burial have been detected in central Italy at this time, suggesting they were disposed of with little ceremony. Those burials of infants that have been found are usually accompanied by ornaments and jewellery indicative of coming from a wealthy family.
A bone from a baby's pelvis found in the workshop.
Attitudes that might appear callous in the twenty-first century could make sense in a society where extreme poverty and high infant mortality were common. He added in his address to the Archaeological Institute of America: 'A very high rate of infant mortality perhaps produced a response similar to that studied by Nancy Scheper-Hughes of modern women suffering under extreme economic and social duress in Brazilian slums.
'In this environment, the all too common death of infants is met with relatively limited emotional responses in most cases. 'Moreover, we ought not imagine ourselves in the western, developed world as very far removed from such responses.
'In fact, it was not until the reforms of the Vatican II council in 1962 that priests of the Roman Catholic church were allowed to wear black vestments while conducting funerals for children under the age of three.'
He told MailOnline: 'There is definitely a tendency - especially when working in a region like Tuscany - to romanticize the past. 'That, coupled with a very real sense of incomprehension a lot of modern, western viewers import into such casual treatment of infants, certainly can upset people. 'In fact, quite a few people simply reject the notion and refuse to talk about it. But the evidence is as it is and I think the best thing we can do is present it, confront it and discuss it.'
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