The
next time you frantically rush to plug your parking meter, you
can curse Carl C. Magee. Because it was on this day in 1935 that Magee's
parking meters made their world debut, much to the chagrin of future
drivers everywhere.
The first
three decades of the 20th century saw the rise of the automobile, and
along with it, the rise of parking congestion. Throughout the 1910s and
'20s, parking in America's major cities was largely a chaotic mess. Many
municipalities tried to regulate the disordered cluster of parked cars
that would flood American downtowns by simply banning cars outright. On
April 10, 1920 the city of Los Angeles even banned all parking downtown
during daytime hours. Needless to say, this didn't go over so well.
After many very public protests — including parades of cars streaming
through downtown L.A. — the ban was lifted before the month was through.
Astonishingly,
it wasn't until the middle of the Great Depression that the first
parking meter would be installed anywhere in the United States. Many
cities and towns did their best to regulate parking with posted time
restrictions, but these were incredibly difficult to police. The
automation of the parking meter would allow for the kind of watchful
robot eye that made enforcement more consistent — and harder for drivers
to argue with.
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On
July 16, 1935 the first parking meter was placed in Oklahoma City in an
effort to instill some order to the chaos of street parking. It was the
brainchild of attorney, newspaper man, and sometime inventor Carl C.
Magee, who would go on to file a design patent
for his parking meter late in 1935. It was granted the following year.
Magee started the Park-O-Meter company and was successful in not only
landing larger contracts with Oklahoma City, but with many other towns
around the country.
The idea was immediately popular among towns strapped for cash and garnered some national press. The October 1935 issue of Modern Mechanix
magazine included a short piece about the new nickel meters that had
popped up in Oklahoma City, explaining that five cents would buy you
anything from 15 minutes to an hour, depending on where you were in the
city.
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But his
1935 conception wasn't the first time that Magee had dreamed up a
parking meter for the streets of the future. Magee filed for a patent on
an early parking meter back in 1932, which wouldn't be granted until
1936. His early conception looked something like a mailbox, with a much
more boxy design than he would concoct just a few years later.
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The parking
meter was considered such a success in Oklahoma City that it quickly
swept the nation. Before the 1930s were finished, virtually every major
city had embraced the parking meter as a way to regulate parking in what
was a classic tragedy of the commons situation.
Below we
see parking meters being tested out in Washington, D.C. by district
commissioner Melvin Hazen on November 14, 1938. The local rate in D.C.
would be five cents an hour (about 80 cents, adjusted for inflation),
and just like most cities today, plugging the meter for more time would
be strictly forbidden, though rarely enforced.
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Magee's
invention was completely mechanical, but by the 1980s some digital
models started showing up on American streets. Today, of course, the
parking meter has moved away from the cash model to one that accepts
credit cards. Some digital, credit-card-friendly machines even monitor
an entire street. These hulking contraptions continue to evolve with the
times, but one can't help but worry what Hollywood might do should they
remake Cool Hand Luke. Today's meters seem like they'd be difficult to behead.
Images: Cars parked diagonally along parking meters in 1938 Omaha (Library of Congress); Patent of Magee's 1935 parking meter from Google Patents; Photograph of the nickel meter which appeared in the October 1935 issue of Modern Mechanix, courtesy of the Modern Mechanix blog; Patent of Magee's 1932 parking meter from Google Patents; Parking meters being tried for the first time in Washington, D.C. on November 14, 1938 (Library of Congress)
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