was a 9th century Viking woman buried with a ring engraved ‘for Allah’ on it?

de bene esse: literally, of well-being, morally acceptable but subject to future validation or exception

(Statens historiska museum / Christer Åhlin)

In the modern-era, Scandinavian countries have become known for their sometimes awkward embrace of migrants from the Arab and Muslim world. But the history behind that relationship goes back far further than you might expect. continue