Ghosts of Gallipoli: Evocative images released on Anzac Day show Allied troops contemplating the ridges they would die in droves failing to capture

de bene esse: literally, of well-being, morally acceptable but subject to future validation or exception

Landing at what would eventually become known as Turkey's Anzac Cove in 1915, little did many of these men know that their sacrifices would still be commemorated almost a century later. These extraordinary pictures were  released to mark the 98th anniversary of the Gallipoli landings on Anzac Day in Australia and New Zealand.
The national remembrance day marks the anniversary of the first major military action by Australia and New Zealand during the First World War in 1915.

Landing: Allied troops at what would eventually become known Anzac Cove in the Gallipoli Peninsula in 1915. From this point many Anzac forces were sent into battle along the ridges of the area. Soldiers can be seen looking up at the hillside they would never capture (bottom right)
 

Cannon in place: Troops landing at what would eventually become known as Anzac Cove in the Dardanelles during the Gallipoli campaign in 1915

Building: The landing pier constructed by the Allies at Gallipoli in 1915. The background to the Gallipoli landings was one of deadlock on the Western Front

It also now more broadly commemorates all who served and died in military operations in which the two countries have been involved. The Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (Anzac) fought alongside their British, French and other allies at Gallipoli in Turkey during World War One.

More...

• Revealed: U.S. country star Jerry Naylor who replaced Buddy Holly in the Crickets was a secret CIA agent who spied for America on 100 missions

The background to the Gallipoli landings was one of deadlock on the Western Front in 1915, when the British hoped to capture Constantinople. The Russians were under threat from the Turks in the Caucasus and needed help, so the British decided to bombard and try to capture Gallipoli.

Fire: A 60-pounder heavy field gun in action on a cliff top at Helles Bay, Gallipoli, Turkey. Today marks the 98th anniversary of the Gallipoli landings

General Sir Ian Standish Monteith Hamilton (above) who led the Gallipoli campaign, and British commander Sir Charles Carmichael Monro (below), was also involved

On their way: Australians soldiers embarking at Melbourne to fight in World War One in December 1914. Some 8,000 Australian soldiers died at Gallipoli

 

In tribute: New Zealander soldier W J Batt (above) with a regimental mascot at Walker's Ridge during the Gallipoli campaign in Turkey in April 1915, and members of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps, commonly known as Anzacs, marching through London on Anzac Day four years later in April 1919

Crowds: The Strand, central London, on Anzac day in April 1916, which marks the first major military action by Australian and New Zealand forces during WWI in 1915

Remembrance: An Australian soldier pays his respects as he lays a wreath at the Cenotaph, central London, on Anzac Day in April 1920, five years after Gallipoli

Located on the western coast of the Dardanelles, the British hoped by eventually getting to Constantinople, they would link up with the Russians. The intention of this was to knock Turkey out of the war. A naval attack began on February 19 but it was called off after three battleships were sunk. By the time of another landing on April 25, the Turks had been given time to prepare better fortifications and increased their armies sixfold.

Australian and New Zealand troops won a bridgehead at Anzac Cove as the British aimed to land at five points in Cape Helles - but only managed three. The British still required reinforcements in these areas and the Turkish were able to bring extra troops onto the peninsula to better defend themselves. A standstill continued through the summer in hot and filthy conditions, and the campaign was eventually ended by the War Council in winter 1915.

The invasion had been intended to knock Turkey out of the war, but in the end it only gave the Russians some breathing space from the Turks. Turkey lost around 300,000 men and the Allies had 214,000 killed - more than 8,000 of whom were Australian soldiers, in a disastrous campaign.

Anzac Cove became a focus for Australian pride after forces were stuck there in squalid conditions for eight months, defending the area from the Turks.
The Anzacsoldiers who arrived on the narrow strip of beach were faced with a difficult environment of steep cliffs and ridges - and almost daily shelling.

Memorial: A member of the catafalque party stands at rest during the Dawn Service today in Townsville, marked by veterans, dignitaries and members of the public

At the height of the fighting during the landings of April 25, 1915, the waters around the peninsula were stained red with blood at one point 50 metres out. Fierce resistance from the under-rated Ottoman forces, inhospitable terrain and bungled planning spelt disaster for the campaign.
Among those who suffered the greatest losses were the Anzacs Australian and New Zealand Army Corps who made the first landings, swept by an unexpected current to a narrow cove rather than the wide beaches the planners intended.

War historian Charles Bean wrote: ‘That strongly marked and definite entity, the Anzac tradition, had, from the first morning, been partly created here’.
But despite the toll in human life, the campaign is seen as a landmark in the formation of national consciousness in the two countries.

The 25th of April was officially named Anzac Day in 1916.
And today tens of thousands of people across the world attended dawn services across the world as the centenary of Gallipoli nears.They stood motionless in the dark to remember their fallen countrymen and women as they marked the anniversary of the landing.